Home  ›  What the Training Called Where You Do Something Over and Over Again

What the Training Called Where You Do Something Over and Over Again

Written By Friday, April 22, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Movement efficiency able-bodied training discipline

Parkour
Julien Do parkour in park.jpg

Julien Vigroux performing parkour in a park
Likewise known as PK[1] [ii] [three]
Focus Obstacle passing
Country of origin French republic
Creator David Belle
Yamakasi
Antecedent arts Asian martial arts, athletics, gymnastics, obstruction courses
Descendant arts Freerunning
Olympic sport Not currently; IOC discussions underway[iv]

Parkour (French: [paʁkuʁ]) is an athletic training discipline in which practitioners (called traceurs) try to get from point A to point B in the most fluid way possible, without assisting equipment and in the fastest and most efficient fashion possible. With roots in military obstruction grade training and martial arts, parkour includes running, climbing, swinging, vaulting, jumping, plyometrics, rolling, and quadrupedal movement—whatever is suitable for a given situation.[five] [6] Parkour is an activeness that tin can exist practiced alone or with others, and is ordinarily carried out in urban spaces, though it tin be done anywhere.[vii] [8] It involves seeing i'due south environment in a new way, and envisioning the potential for navigating it by move effectually, across, through, over and nether its features.[ix] [10]

Although practitioners of Parkour often perform flips and other acrobatic movements, these are not considered a part of Parkour proper.[eleven]

The practice of similar movements had existed in communities effectually the world for centuries,[12] notably in Africa[thirteen] and Mainland china,[fourteen] the latter tradition (qinggong) popularized by Hong Kong activeness cinema (notably Jackie Chan) during the 1970s to 1980s.[14] [xv] [16] Parkour as a blazon of motility was later on established past David Belle when he and others founded the Yamakasi in the 1990s and initially called information technology l'art du déplacement .[17] [eighteen] The discipline was popularised in the 1990s and 2000s through films, documentaries, video games, and advertisements.[12] [19] [xx]

Etymology [edit]

The give-and-take parkour derives from parcours du combattant (obstacle class), the classic obstacle grade method of war machine training proposed by Georges Hébert.[21] [22] [23] Raymond Belle used the term " les parcours " to encompass all of his training including climbing, jumping, running, balancing, and the other methods he undertook in his personal athletic advocacy.[24] His son, David, farther developed his father's methods and achieved success as a stuntman, and one day on a motion picture set up showed his 'Speed Air Man' video to Hubert Koundé. Koundé suggested he change the "c" of " parcours " to a "grand" because it was stronger and more dynamic, and to remove the silent "s" for the same reason, forming "parkour".[25]

A practitioner of parkour is called a traceur, with the feminine form beingness traceuse.[5] They are nouns derived from the French verb tracer, which normally means "to trace", as in "tracing a path", in reference to cartoon.[26] The verb tracer used familiarly ways: "to hurry up".[27] The term traceur was originally the name of a parkour group headed by David Belle which included Sébastien Foucan and Stéphane Vigroux.[28]

A jam refers to a meeting of traceurs, involving training lasting anywhere from hours to several days, oft with people from different cities. The first parkour jam was organised in July 2002 past Romain Drouet, with a dozen people including Sébastien Foucan and Stéphane Vigroux.

History [edit]

Origins [edit]

The practice of similar movements have existed in various communities around the globe for centuries prior to the foundation of a parkour movement, which was influenced by these earlier traditions.[12] [15] [16] Such athletic traditions had existed amongst diverse indigenous tribes in Africa for centuries.[thirteen] A like subject area in Chinese civilisation is qinggong, a Chinese martial arts training technique that also dates back centuries. It was notably taught at the Peking Opera School in the 20th century; the school'southward most notable students are the Seven Little Fortunes, including Sammo Hung and most famously Jackie Chan, providing a basis for their acrobatic stunt work in Hong Kong activity cinema from the 1970s onwards.[14] [fifteen] [sixteen]

Georges Hébert [edit]

In Western Europe, a forerunner of parkour was developed by French naval officeholder Georges Hébert, who before World State of war I promoted athletic skill based on the models of indigenous tribes he had met in Africa.[13] He noted, "their bodies were excellent, flexible, nimble, skillful, enduring, and resistant only even so they had no other tutor in gymnastics but their lives in nature."[13] His rescue efforts during the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée on Saint-Pierre, Martinique reinforced his conventionalities that athletic skill must exist combined with courage and altruism.[thirteen] Hébert became a physical education tutor at the higher of Reims in France. Hébert ready a "méthode naturelle" (natural method) session consisting of ten fundamental groups: walking, running, jumping, quadrupedal motion, climbing, balancing, throwing, lifting, cocky-defense, and swimming. These were intended to develop "the three main forces": energetic (willpower, courage, coolness, and firmness), moral (benevolence, help, honour, and honesty), and physical (muscles and breath).[29] During World War I and World War 2, teaching continued to expand, becoming the standard system of French war machine education and grooming. Inspired by Hébert, a Swiss architect developed a "parcours du combattant"[thirty]—military obstacle course—the first of the courses that are at present standard in military training and which led to the development of civilian fitness trails and confidence courses.[xiii]

Raymond and David Belle [edit]

Born in 1939 in Vietnam, Raymond Belle was the son of a French physician and Vietnamese female parent. During the Starting time Indochina War, his begetter died and he was separated from his mother, after which he was sent to a war machine orphanage in Da Lat at the historic period of seven. He took it upon himself to railroad train harder and longer than everyone else in lodge never to exist a victim. At nighttime, when everyone else was asleep, he would exist outside running or climbing trees. He would employ the military obstruction courses in secret, and besides created courses of his own that tested his endurance, strength, and flexibility. Doing this enabled him not only to survive the hardships he experienced during his babyhood, but also eventually to thrive. Afterward the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, he returned to France and remained in military education until the age of nineteen, when he joined the Paris Burn Brigade, a French Army unit.[12] [31] [32]

Raymond's son, David Belle, was born in 1973. He experimented with gymnastics and athletics but became increasingly disaffected with both schoolhouse and the sports clubs. Every bit he got older, he claims to take to read (equally-yet-unconfirmed) newspaper clippings that told of his father'south exploits and was increasingly curious most what had enabled his father to reach these feats. Through conversations with his male parent, he realised that what he really wanted was a means to develop skills that would be useful to him in life, rather than just preparation to kick a ball or perform moves in a padded, indoor environs.[12] [24]

Through conversations with his father, David learned well-nigh this way of training that his male parent called "parcours". He heard his father talk of the many repetitions he had done in order to find the all-time way of doing things. He learned that for his father, training was non a game merely something vital which enabled him to survive and to protect the people he cared most. David realised that this was what he had been searching for, and so he began preparation in the same way. Afterwards a time, he institute it far more important to him than schooling and he gave up his other commitments to focus all his fourth dimension on his training.[24]

Yamakasi [edit]

David initially trained on his own, and later moving to Lisses, plant other immature men (including his cousins) who had like desires, and they began to train together.[one] The grouping somewhen included David Belle, Sébastien Foucan, Châu Belle Dinh, Williams Belle, Yann Hnautra, Laurent Piemontesi, Guylain N'Guba Boyeke, Malik Diouf, and Charles Perrière. The group began calling themselves the Yamakasi, from the Lingala ya makási, meaning strong in one's person, or "strong man, strong spirit"[33] (come across § Name and separate beneath).

The group drew inspiration from Asian culture and Asian martial arts, notably the acrobatics of Jackie Chan such as qinggong displays in his Hong Kong action films,[15] [34] [xvi] and the training philosophy of Bruce Lee,[35] considering the latter to exist the "unofficial president" of their group.[16] The group also was influenced by the Japanese shōnen manga and anime serial Dragon Ball, in which the heroes attained extraordinary abilities through difficult work, every bit well as the martial arts films of Belgian histrion Jean-Claude Van Damme.[16]

Discipline [edit]

The group put themselves through challenges that forced them to notice the concrete and mental forcefulness to succeed. Examples included grooming without food or water, or sleeping on the floor without a blanket to learn to endure the cold.[36] For example, no one in the group was permitted to be tardily for grooming, every bit it would agree back the whole grouping. If any fellow member completed a challenge, anybody else had to do the same thing.[37] During their training, no one was allowed to complain or exist negative. Few excuses were allowed. For instance, if someone claimed that his shoes were also worn out in to make a jump, he had to practice information technology anyway, even if it meant doing the bound barefoot.[38] At the same time, everyone was required to take knowledge of their own limits.[39]

Respecting one'due south health and physical well-being was i of the foundations of the group. If any member injure himself during or after the execution of a movement, the move was deemed a failure. A movement executed merely one time was not considered an achievement; only with repetition was the challenge consummate. Every movement had to be repeated at least ten times in a row without the traceur having to push his limits or sustaining any injury. If whatever mistake was fabricated past whatsoever traceur in the group everyone had to start all over again.[37]

Humility was an important principle.[39] No traceur was immune to experience superior to someone else, for case, by executing a movement only to show off in front of someone who could not perform the motion. If any traceur in the group claimed that he had completed a hard and dangerous claiming that should not be attempted unaided, he had to show his claims past doing the claiming again. Anyone who lied violated the principle of humility.[37]

To join the group, new members had to be recommended past an existing member and then pass tests to evaluate their motivation for joining.[38] Despite the huge emphasis on the collective, each traceur had to progress and develop independently—"to create the means to be yourself"[40]—and in that location was a complete trust within the group.[39] Every traceur was to encourage the others and show confidence through their behaviour.[41] If a member violated the principles, the group could run into without the offending person to discuss various punishments. Anyone deemed unsuitable could be temporarily or even permanently banned from the group in order to uphold its disciplines and values.[42]

Name and split [edit]

In 1997, David Belle's brother Jean-François invited the group to perform for the public in a firefighter testify in Paris.[33] For the performance, the grouping named themselves Yamakasi, from the Congolese Lingala ya makási, significant strong in one's person, or "strong man, strong spirit". Sébastien Foucan also invented a name for what they were doing: "l'fine art du déplacement " (French for "the art of movement").[33] The firefighter functioning caused both positive and negative attention. Some members of the grouping were concerned how the public would view their discipline since the functioning did not demonstrate all aspects of it, such as their hard training and their values and ideals. Jean-François also sent pictures and video of the grouping to a French TV program, and the popularity of parkour began to increase. A series of telly programmes in various countries subsequently featured video footage of the group, and they began to get more than requests for performances. During this time, conflicting interests arose within the grouping. Sébastien Foucan wanted to teach more than rather than to train more, and David Belle had the ambition to go an actor. David and Sébastien chose to leave the group, and used the name "parkour" to draw their activity (run across § Etymology above). The vii remaining Yamakasi members continued to use the term l'art du déplacement [12] [43] (see § Derivative terminologies and disciplines below).

Organizations [edit]

International parkour organizations include the World Freerunning and Parkour Federation, established in 2007, who accept worked with MTV to produce parkour-related shows.[44]

International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) added parkour equally 1 of their disciplines in 2017, despite much opposition, including the establishment of Parkour Earth to represent various national organizations in opposition to the gymnastics system.[45] [46] [47] The FIG program includes Speed-Run (Sprint) and Freestyle events. The first issue in the FIG Parkour World Loving cup was held on 6–8 April 2018.[48] The first Parkour Earth Championships was scheduled to take place at Hiroshima on 3–5 Apr 2020, just was postponed as a upshot of the COVID-xix pandemic.[49] [50] [51] Parkour is expected to debut at the 2022 World Games.[52]

Philosophy [edit]

A beginner takes a leap in Seattle'south Freeway Park under the guidance of experienced practitioners (2012).

According to Williams Belle, the philosophies and theories behind parkour are an integral aspect of the art, one that many non-practitioners accept never been exposed to. Belle says he trains people because he wants it "to be alive" and "for people to utilize information technology".[53] Châu Belle explains it is a "type of liberty" or "kind of expression"; that parkour is "simply a state of listen" rather than a fix of actions, and that it is almost overcoming and adapting to mental and emotional obstacles also as physical barriers.[53] Traceur Dylan Baker says, "Parkour besides influences one'southward thought processes by enhancing self-confidence and critical thinking skills that allow i to overcome everyday physical and mental obstacles".[53] [54] [55] A written report by Neuropsychiatrie de fifty'Enfance et de l'Adolescence (Neuropsychiatry of Childhood and Adolescence) in French republic found traceurs seek more excitement and leadership situations than gymnasts practice.[56]

Academic research on parkour has tended to describe how parkour provides a novel style of interacting with the urban environment that challenges the use and meaning of urban infinite, metropolitan life, and embodiment.[57]

A newer convention of parkour philosophy has been the idea of "human reclamation".[58] Andy Tran of Urban Evolution clarifies it as "a means of reclaiming what it means to be a human existence. It teaches us to move using the natural methods that we should have learned from infancy. It teaches u.s. to affect the world and collaborate with it, instead of being sheltered by it."[58] Some other traceur[ who? ] writes, "It is as much every bit a part of truly learning the physical art as well as being able to master the movements; information technology gives y'all the power to overcome your fears and pains and reapply this to life, equally you must be able to control your mind in order to master the fine art of parkour."[59]

Competition [edit]

A entrada was started on one May 2007 past the Parkour.Net portal to preserve parkour's philosophy against sports contest and rivalry.[60] [61] In the words of Erwan Le Corre, "Contest pushes people to fight confronting others for the satisfaction of a crowd and/or the benefits of a few business organization people by irresolute its mindset. Parkour is unique and cannot be a competitive sport unless it ignores its donating core of cocky-development. If parkour becomes a sport, it volition be hard to seriously teach and spread parkour as a non-competitive activity. And a new sport will be spread that may exist called parkour, only that won't hold its philosophical essence anymore."[60] Reddish Bull'south sponsored athlete for parkour, Ryan Doyle, has said, "Sometimes people ask, 'Who is the all-time at parkour?' and information technology is considering they don't understand what Parkour is; 'Who is the best?' is what you would say about a sport, and parkour is not a sport—it is an art, it's a discipline. That'southward like saying, 'What's the best song in the earth?'"[62] This seems to be the consensus among many professional traceurs who view parkour as a lifestyle more than as a set up of tricks, as has been popularised by YouTube and most media exposure.[ citation needed ]

In that location are competitions that utilize parkour equally the main influence for formatting and judging criteria. Sport Parkour League's "North America Parkour Championships" hosts a serial of local and regional qualifier events which culminate in a final event in Vancouver, B.C.[63] Carmine Bull's Art of Motion event[64] is the longest running and highest profile professional freerunning competition.

David Belle [edit]

In his 2009 book Parkour, David Belle stressed that the most important aspect of parkour is not the physical movements, but rather the practitioner's mentality and understanding of its principles. "When young trainees come to see me and give me videos telling me to bank check out what they are doing, I simply accept the tape and throw information technology away. What I'm interested in is what the guy'southward got in his caput, if he has cocky-confidence, if he masters the technique, if he has understood the principles of parkour. I just tin't deal with guys who do Parkour considering they saw videos on the Net and thought it was kinda cool and want to practise even meliorate."[65] Further, he states the importance of traceurs being aware of their abilities and limitations, and developing in their own manner. "When a immature person asks me, 'Can you evidence me how to do this?' I but answer, 'No, I am going to show you how I practise it. Then, you'll accept to learn with your own technique, your own mode of moving, your style, your abilities and your limitations. Yous are going to learn to exist yourself, not someone else along the way.'"[66]

The philosophy of parkour has been compared to that of martial arts.[67] In an interview with The New Yorker, David Belle acknowledges the influence, "There's a quote by Bruce Lee that'southward my motto: 'There are no limits. There are plateaus, but yous must non stay in that location, you must get beyond them. A man must constantly exceed his level.' If you're not amend than you were the day before, then what are you doing—what's the betoken?"[thirty] In an interview with the press, Belle explained that parkour is a training method for warriors. "So many people try to train like shooting fish in a barrel—'Come up do parkour! Information technology's actually absurd!' But if tomorrow I made you do real training, you lot would end upwards crying. That'due south what yous need to know: you are going to cry, y'all are going to bleed and y'all are going to sweat similar never before."[68] In his book, Belle besides quotes his begetter Raymond, "If two roads open before y'all, always take the near difficult ane. Because you know yous can travel the piece of cake ane."[69]

Belle is an influential proponent of field of study and control in parkour, saying, "Precision is all about being measured," and going on to describe parkour as an art that requires huge amounts of repetition and practice to chief.[70] "With parkour, I often say, 'Once is never'. In other words, someone tin manage a bound one time but it does not mean anything. It can be luck or take chances. When y'all make a jump, yous have to do it at least three times to exist sure you can really do it. It's an unavoidable dominion. Do it the hard way and cease lying to yourself. When y'all come for grooming, you have to train. Even if information technology means doing the same jump 50 or a hundred times."[66] To its founder, parkour is a method of cocky-refinement, used for learning to control and focus oneself.

Practice [edit]

Motility [edit]

A practitioner performing a wall run

While there is no official list of "moves" in parkour, the fashion in which practitioners move oft sets them apart from others,[6] and there are a number of named movements that are characteristic,[17] for example:[71] [72] [73]

  • "Parkour scroll": Rolling to blot impacts from larger drops, moving diagonally over a shoulder to convert momentum from vertical to horizontal.
  • "Precision spring": Jumping and landing accurately with the feet on small or narrow obstacles.
  • "Arm bound": Jumping and landing feet-showtime on a vertical surface, catching the horizontal elevation with the hands.
  • "Wall run": Running toward a high wall and then jumping and pushing off the wall with a foot to accomplish the top of the wall.
  • "Climb upwards": Moving from a position hanging from a wall-top or ledge, to continuing on the top or vaulting over to the other side.

Equipment [edit]

A traceuse vaults a railing.

Parkour is practiced without traditional equipment, though items such as bars, walls, and boxes establish in the environment in which the parkour is being adept in, are utilised to better navigate the surface area. Practitioners normally train wearing light, non-restrictive coincidental wearable.[74] [75] Traceurs who vesture gloves are rare—bare hands are considered better for grip and tactile feedback.[76] [77] Calorie-free running shoes with skillful grip and flexibility are encouraged because they let for more natural and fluid movements. Practitioners often use minimalist shoes, sometimes as a progression to bare feet, for ameliorate sensitivity and balance, while others adopt more cushioning for meliorate absorption of impacts from large jumps.[78] Barefoot training is done past some for movement competency without gear—David Belle noted that "bare feet are the best shoes."[79] Various sneaker manufacturers have developed shoes specifically for parkour and freerunning. Many other companies around the world have started offering vesture targeted at parkour.[80]

Risks [edit]

Trespassing [edit]

Traceurs in Lisses re-painting a wall and repairing shoe scuff marks from parkour

Parkour is not widely practiced in defended public facilities. Although efforts are being made to create places for it, many traceurs do not similar the thought, as it is contradictory to parkour's values of adaptation, creativity, and freedom.[81] Traceurs do parkour in both rural and urban areas such equally gyms, parks, playgrounds, offices, and abandoned structures. Concerns have been raised regarding trespassing, damage of property,[82] and use of inappropriate places such as cemeteries.[83] Many parkour organizations effectually the earth support the Leave No Trace initiative, an urban version of the outdoor conservation ethic created by the Seattle nonprofit Parkour Visions in 2008, promoting safety, respect for the spaces used and their other users, and sometimes includes picking upwards rubbish to exit areas in meliorate status than they were institute.[84] [85] [86] [87] [88]

Injuries and deaths [edit]

Concerns have been raised by law enforcement and fire and rescue teams about the risks inherent in jumping off high buildings.[89] They fence that practitioners are needlessly risking damage to both themselves and rooftops by practicing at pinnacle, with police forces calling for practitioners to stay off the rooftops.[82] [90] [91] Some practitioners of parkour concord that such behaviour should exist discouraged.[90] [92] [93] [94]

Because parkour philosophy is about learning to control oneself in interaction with the environment, many parkour experts consider serious injury show of the traceur's failure to follow the precepts of the discipline, specifically, knowing 1's limitations. Daniel Ilabaca, co-founder of the World Parkour and Freerunning Federation, said, "Thinking you're going to neglect at something gives y'all a higher adventure of doing simply that. Committing to something you're thinking or knowing yous will land gives you a higher chance of landing or completing the task."[95] On biomechanical grounds, studies found parkour landing techniques result in lower landing forces in comparing with traditional sport techniques.[96] [97] In a survey of parkour-related emergency department visits in the United States between 2009 and 2015, most injuries were reportedly caused by landing or from hit objects.[98]

American traceur Marking Toorock said injuries are rare "because participants rely non on what they can't control—wheels or the icy surfaces of snowboarding and skiing—merely their own hands and feet," but Lanier Johnson, executive director of the American Sports Medicine Institute, noted that many of the injuries are non reported.[99]

Impact [edit]

Initially featured in films of French director/producer Luc Besson, parkour was starting time introduced to the British public by the BBC One Television receiver channel trailer Rush 60 minutes in April 2002. Information technology featured David Belle leaping across London'south rooftops from his office to home, in an effort to catch his favourite BBC program,[100] and captured the imagination of many viewers, particularly when they learned no special furnishings or wires were used.[101] This ad, along with others for Coca-Cola, Nike, and Toyota, had a large-calibration impact on public awareness of parkour.[17] [102]

The creation of parkour evidence-reels and documentaries has been crucial to the spread of parkour, and is common in the parkour community.[12] [43] Bound London is a 2003 documentary explaining some of the groundwork of parkour, culminating with Sébastien Foucan, Johann Vigroux, and Jérôme Ben Aoues demonstrating their parkour skills. Jump London changed the presence of parkour in the UK almost overnight and is widely credited for inspiring a new generation of traceurs.[57] Information technology was followed by Bound U.k. in 2005. Both Jump films were shown in more than 80 countries, thereby introducing the subject and its philosophy to an unprecedented global audition. Both films have been cited by numerous practitioners as their motivation for taking up the subject field.

The Australian version of 60 Minutes broadcast a segment about parkour on 16 September 2007, featuring Foucan and Stephane Vigroux.[103]

Parkour is non defined past a set of rules or guidelines, a characteristic which has proven particularly attractive to immature people, allowing them to explore and engage in the activity on their own terms. It can be easily accustomed by all cultures equally a means of personal expression and recreation.[104] For example, in 2010 The New York Times published a brusk video featuring three immature men from the Gaza Strip who were active members of the parkour community.[105] In 2014, the BBC covered youth parkour participation in Jammu and Kashmir. Zahid Shah founded the Kashmir Freerunning and Parkour Federation, finding promise in the non-trigger-happy discipline of parkour.[106]

Amusement [edit]

Parkour has get a popular element in activeness sequences, with movie directors hiring parkour practitioners as stunt performers. The starting time manager to do so was Luc Besson, for the flick Taxi 2 in 1998, followed by Yamakasi in 2001 featuring members of the original Yamakasi group, and its sequel Les fils du vent in 2004. As well in 2004, Besson wrote Commune 13, some other feature pic involving advanced parkour chase sequences, starring David Belle and Cyril Raffaelli,[107] [108] followed by the sequel District xiii: Ultimatum in 2009 and remade in English as Brick Mansions in 2014.

In 2006 the movie Casino Royale featured Sébastien Foucan in a hunt taking place early in the movie, sparking renewed media interest in parkour.[30] Along with The Bourne Ultimatum (2007), Casino Royale is credited with starting a new wave of Parkour-inspired stunts in Western flick and goggle box.[109] Parkour was prominent in Live Complimentary or Dice Difficult (2007),[110] over again with stuntman/actor Cyril Raffaelli, and Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (2010), choreographed by David Belle.[111] Several films likewise Yamakasi are about thieves who apply parkour, such as Breaking and Entering (2006),[107] [108] Run (2013),[112] and Tracers (2015). The 2011 picture show Freerunner is about eight freerunners racing through a urban center for survival. The 2019 Netflix movie half-dozen Underground featured several parkour scenes choreographed and performed by team Storror.[113] [114] Parkour too featured in Dhoom 3 (2013),[115] Bang Bang! (2014) and Aadhi (2018).[116]

Parkour is also featured on Tv set. MTV'due south prove Ultimate Parkour Challenge premiered as a one-hr special in October 2009 starring the athletes of the Globe Freerunning & Parkour Federation. This was followed in May 2010 with a vi-episode series of the same proper noun. The athletes were Daniel Ilabaca, Tim Shieff, Ryan Doyle, Michael Turner, Oleg Vorslav, Ben Jenkin, Daniel Arroyo, Pip Andersen and Rex David. The programme format was a two-function weekly contest in different Southern California locations.[117]

Professional wrestler John Hennigan is a long-time practitioner of parkour and often incorporates it into his wrestling mode, with the WWE giving him the nickname "The Prince of Parkour".[118] [119] Actor Stephen Amell learned parkour at Tempest Academy in grooming for his role as Oliver Queen in the telly series Pointer,[120] and co-star Caity Lotz is also a practitioner.[121]

Modernistic video games frequently include aspects of parkour as major game-play elements. The Assassin's Creed series makes heavy employ of parkour movement (called freerunning in the game).[122] [123] [124] The Mirror'due south Border games are heavily inspired past parkour, consisting entirely of efficiently moving effectually buildings, rooftops, and other obstacles.[125] [126] Brink introduced a parkour mechanic into a realistic first-person shooter.[127] Prince of Persia and Dying Light include a central parkour mechanic,[128] [129] while Crackdown and Crackdown 2 include an emphasis on gripping and vaulting from ledges and protruding objects.[130] Tony Hawk'due south American Wasteland allows the character to use several freerunning techniques while not on the skateboard.[131] Tron Evolution 's bones movements and combat were based on parkour and capoeira.[132]

War machine preparation [edit]

Although parkour itself grew out of military obstacle-class training,[12] [31] it has become a dissever bailiwick. After the attention that parkour received following the 2006 picture Casino Royale, military forces around the globe began looking for ways to contain elements from parkour into armed services training. A physical trainer with the Royal Marines trained with parkour practitioners with hopes of introducing some of their techniques to his own students.[133] Colorado Parkour began a project to introduce elements from parkour into the U.S. military[134] and one San Diego staff sergeant trained United states of america Marines in parkour.[135]

Scientific research and applications [edit]

Studies have found that in exercises such every bit the continuing long jump, depth bound, and vertical jump, parkour athletes outperform physical educators,[ commendation needed ] gymnasts, and power athletes.[136] Parkour training is especially linked with the development of eccentric load resistance and jumping ability.

Studies and experiments have integrated parkour kinaesthetics into robotics.[137] [138] [139] [140]

Derivative terminologies and disciplines [edit]

In September 2003, Mike Christie's documentary Jump London, starring Sébastien Foucan, was released. In the documentary, the term "freerunning" was used as an effort to translate "parkour", in society to brand it more than appealing to the English-speaking audience.[141] Foucan decided to keep using the term "freerunning" to depict his bailiwick, to distinguish information technology from David Belle's methods.[142] [143]

The remaining seven Yamakasi members continued to use the term "fifty'art du déplacement ", likewise non wanting to associate it too closely with parkour. Like to Sébastien'south freerunning, l'art du déplacement is less well-nigh the difficult discipline of the original Yamakasi group; rather, it takes a participatory approach focused on making the pedagogy more than accessible. David Belle kept the term "parkour", saying the grouping contributed to the development of it, simply that his father was the source of his motivation and had verbally communicated this method merely to him.[143]

Both parkour and freerunning encompass the ideas of overcoming obstacles and self-expression; in freerunning, the greater emphasis is on self-expression.[142] Although the differences betwixt the disciplines are ofttimes hard to discern, practitioners tend to aspire to parkour and draw themselves every bit traceurs rather than as freerunners.[144]

Come across also [edit]

  • Acrobatics
  • Buildering
  • Calisthenics
  • Dérive – a philosophy and technique of rapid, serendipitous move through by and large urban environments
  • Obstruction racing
  • Platform game
  • Qinggong – Chinese martial arts techniques
  • Street workout
  • Urban exploration
  • Woggle hopping
  • World Chase Tag

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "Actor David Belle Biography". David Belle. Archived from the original on twenty October 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  2. ^ "3RUN Story". 3run.co.uk. half dozen December 2012. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  3. ^ "Well-nigh the Tapp Brothers". LearnMoreParkour.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  4. ^ "PARKOUR – A Immature SPORT WITH OLYMPIC AMBITIONS". European Olympic Committees. Archived from the original on 26 Oct 2016. Retrieved fifteen December 2021.
  5. ^ a b Ferrari, Matthew (vii May 2010). "From 'Play to Display': Parkour as Media-Mimetics or Nature Reclamation?". FlowTV, vol eleven, lokaliseret den 01-04-2011 på. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  6. ^ a b De Feitas, Elizabeth (2011). "Parkour and the Built Environment: Spatial Practices and the Plasticity of School Buildings". Journal of Curriculum Theorizing. 27 (3): 209. Archived from the original on 2 Apr 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  7. ^ Rawlinson, Christopher; Guaralda, Mirko (xi September 2012). "Anarchy and creativity of play: designing emotional engagement in public spaces". In Out of Command: eighth International Conference on Design and Emotion. Central Saint Martins Higher of Arts and Pattern, London. ISBN9780957071926. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved sixteen March 2013.
  8. ^ Brunner, C. (2010). "Nice-looking obstacles: Parkour as urban do of deterritorialization" (PDF). AI & Gild. 26 (2): 143–152. doi:x.1007/s00146-010-0294-2. S2CID 11017425. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  9. ^ Rawlinson, Christopher; Guaralda, Mirko (27 Apr 2011), "Play in the city: Parkour and compages", The First International Postgraduate Conference on Engineering, Designing and Developing the Built Environment for Sustainable Wellbeing, Queensland Academy of Technology, Brisbane, Commonwealth of australia, ISBN9780980582741, archived from the original on xiv May 2013, retrieved sixteen March 2013
  10. ^ Ameel, 50.; Tani, S. (2012). "Everyday aesthetics in action: Parkour Eyes and the dazzler of physical walls". Emotion, Infinite and Club. five (3): 164–173. doi:10.1016/j.emospa.2011.09.003.
  11. ^ Kidder, Jeffrey (2017). Parkour and the Metropolis. New Bailiwick of jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 146. ISBN978-0813571980. "flips: ... "However they are usually designated equally a part of freerunning, not of Parkour."
  12. ^ a b c d e f grand h Angel, pp. 17–20
  13. ^ a b c d east f Artful Dodger. "Georges Hebert and the Natural Method of Physical Culture". Archived from the original on 23 March 2005. Retrieved ii July 2013.
  14. ^ a b c Lin, Jeannie (10 June 2012). "What I'thousand Researching Now: Qing Gong & Freerunning". Jeannie Lin . Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d Stratford, Elaine (2014). Geographies, Mobilities, and Rhythms over the Life-Course: Adventures in the Interval. Routledge. p. 79. ISBN978-1135117429. Archived from the original on iii June 2020. Retrieved fourteen March 2019.
  16. ^ a b c d eastward f Angel, Julie (16 June 2016). Breaking the Leap: The Underground Story of Parkour's High Flying Rebellion. Aurum Press. ISBN978-1-78131-554-5. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  17. ^ a b c "Parkour History". Parkour Generations. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on viii Dec 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  18. ^ "Interview with David Belle". YouTube. Archived from the original on 14 December 2015. Retrieved two Dec 2015.
  19. ^ Belle, David (2006). "Entrevista com David Belle (OSRAM 2006)" [Interview with David Belle (OSRAM 2006)] (Interview). Archived from the original on viii July 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  20. ^ Atkinson, Yard. (2009). "Parkour, Anarcho-Environmentalism, and Poiesis". Periodical of Sport & Social Issues. 33 (two): 169–194. doi:10.1177/0193723509332582. S2CID 146783270.
  21. ^ Russell, Matthew. "English language welcome – Parkour Worldwide Association". Archived from the original on viii May 2005. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
  22. ^ "PAWA statement on Freerunning". 23 February 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
  23. ^ "The name Parkour, simple question". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
  24. ^ a b c Belle, pp. 31–70
  25. ^ Affections, p. 37.
  26. ^ "Portail lexical – Définition de tracer" (in French). Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  27. ^ (Populaire) Filer, se dépêcher. or to run (go) fast (to leave in a hurry) → (intransitive, informal) to leave, to become going, (reflexive) to haste, to hurry upward → (idiomatic, dated) Hurry up; make haste.
  28. ^ "An Interview With Stephane Vigroux". 27 January 2009. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2014 – via YouTube.
  29. ^ "Georges Hébert – la methode naturalle" (in French). INSEP – Musée de la Marine. Archived from the original (JPG) on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
  30. ^ a b c Wilkinson, Alec (xvi Apr 2007). "No Obstacles". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 11 Oct 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
  31. ^ a b Belle, pp. 23–30
  32. ^ "Raymond Belle'southward biography". Original French biography sourced from 'Allo Dix-Huit', the mag of the Parisian pompiers. Parkour.NET. 17 February 2006. Archived from the original on 17 February 2006. Retrieved 29 Nov 2007.
  33. ^ a b c Angel, p. 35.
  34. ^ Hunt, Leon; Wing-Fai, Leung (2010). E Asian Cinemas: Exploring Transnational Connections on Movie. I.B. Tauris. ISBN978-0857712271. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  35. ^ "Parkour History". Parkour Generations. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  36. ^ Affections, p. 23
  37. ^ a b c Belle and Perriére, p. 43
  38. ^ a b Belle and Perriére, p. 42
  39. ^ a b c Belle and Perriére, p. 46
  40. ^ Belle and Perriére, p. 53
  41. ^ Belle and Perriére, p. 47
  42. ^ Belle and Perriére, p. 44
  43. ^ a b Belle, pp. 71–79
  44. ^ History of WFPF Archived 14 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine wfpf.com
  45. ^ "Fig-Gate: The Keen Parkour Scandal". accessparkour.com. 11 May 2017. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  46. ^ "Kingdom of denmark add together voice to opposition of FIG's motility into parkour". insidethegames.biz. one June 2017. Archived from the original on xiv July 2018. Retrieved xiv July 2018.
  47. ^ "Parkour Earth officially launches as FIG row continues". insidethegames.biz. 4 August 2017. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  48. ^ "vii days to go till first FIG Parkour World Cup". International Gymnastics Federation. thirty March 2018. Archived from the original on xiv July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  49. ^ "Chief decisions from the 18th FIG Council in Istanbul". International Gymnastics Federation. fourteen May 2018. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved xiv July 2018.
  50. ^ "Hiroshima to host 1st Parkour World Championships in 2020". Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  51. ^ "Outset FIG Parkour World Championships postponed". Archived from the original on 10 Jan 2022. Retrieved 17 Baronial 2020.
  52. ^ Gymnastics at the World Games Archived nine May 2019 at the Wayback Car theworldgames.org
  53. ^ a b c Belle, Châu; Belle, Williams; Hnautra, Yann and Daniels, Mark (managing director). Generation Yamakasi (Idiot box-Documentary) (in French). France: French republic 2. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  54. ^ Mai, Jeffy (14 April 2008). "Students on campus are mastering parkour, an art of cocky-awareness and torso control". Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 19 Apr 2008.
  55. ^ Kalteis, Andreas (2006). Parkour Journeys – Training with Andi (DVD). London: Catsnake Studios.
  56. ^ Cazenave, N. (2007). "La pratique du parkour chez les adolescents des banlieues: Entre recherche de sensation et renforcement narcissique". Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence. 55 (3): 154–159. doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2007.02.001.
  57. ^ a b Gilchrist, Paul; Wheaton, Belinda (30 July 2012). Hutchins/Rowe (ed.). New Media Technologies in Lifestyle Sport. Digital Media Sport: Technology and Power in the Network Lodge. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved viii September 2013.
  58. ^ a b "Ii Theories on Parkour Philosophy". Parkour North America. 7 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved sixteen Apr 2008.
  59. ^ "Parkour History". Urban discipline. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved v January 2015.
  60. ^ a b "Keeping parkour rivalry-free : JOIN IN !". Parkour.Net. 1 May 2007. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
  61. ^ Bignell, Paul; Abrupt, Rob (22 April 2007). "'Jumped-up' program to stage world contest sees gratuitous runners falling out". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on ane January 2008.
  62. ^ "Ryan Doyle – Parkour Training Jam". Archived from the original on 30 Oct 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2014 – via YouTube.
  63. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  64. ^ "Serial Stops". www.redbull.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  65. ^ Belle, p. 58
  66. ^ a b Belle, p. 59
  67. ^ Greenish, Rob. "Bruce Lee and the Philosophy of Parkour". WorldWideJam.tv. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved one Feb 2011.
  68. ^ Cine parkour, p. 22
  69. ^ Belle, p. 27
  70. ^ "David Belle – Parkour". 16 July 2011. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2014 – via YouTube.
  71. ^ Murray, Joseph B (2010), Knowing Obstacles: Urban Dialogues in Parkour Practise (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation), Central European University, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 Dec 2013, retrieved 16 March 2013
  72. ^ McLean, C. R.; Houshian, S.; Pike, J. (2006). "Paediatric fractures sustained in Parkour (free running)". Injury. 37 (8): 795–797. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2006.04.119. PMID 16806217.
  73. ^ Grub, B. D. V. (2010). "Parkour and the critique of ideology: Turn-vaulting the fortresses of the city". Journal of Dance and Somatic Practices. ii (2): 143–154. doi:10.1386/jdsp.2.2.143_1.
  74. ^ "What Should I Wear for parkour?". americanparkour.com. 6 November 2005. Archived from the original on iii February 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2007.
  75. ^ "Is in that location any equipment cost, membership fee, or exclusive conditions required for my kid to do Parkour?" (PDF). washingtonparkour.com. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on eight March 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
  76. ^ Arnold, Tiffany (28 September 2009). "Parkour: All in a day'southward grooming". Herald Mail. Archived from the original on 3 Feb 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  77. ^ Coin-Coutts, Sophia (23 February 2009). "Y'all might also leap". The National. Abu Dhabi Media Company. Archived from the original on 26 Feb 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  78. ^ "10 Best Parkour Shoes (2020) – Freerunning Shoes Reviewed". ParkourShoesGuide. 11 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 Oct 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  79. ^ "David Belle – Parkour simples". YouTube. 16 March 2007. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
  80. ^ "Know Obstacles". Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  81. ^ "American Parkour HotSpots Contest". 21 May 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
  82. ^ a b Gloucestershire – Rooftop-jumping youths arrested Archived 13 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. 31 Jan 2008. Retrieved xv March 2008.
  83. ^ Gammell, Caroline (six May 2008). "Gravestone vaulting teenagers condemned over YouTube stunt". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
  84. ^ "Exit No Trace Campaign (practice policy)". Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved xviii Apr 2016.
  85. ^ Bafford, Tenedra (June 2013). "Without a Trace". Vertical Floor Mag. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  86. ^ Puddle, Damien (23 July 2014). "New Zealand Parkour Vision and Values" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved xviii Apr 2016.
  87. ^ Hansen, Jimmy (1 March 2011). "Parkour at UGA". Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
  88. ^ "American Parkour leaves Meridian Park when asked during national jam". American Parkour. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved seven November 2015.
  89. ^ Rawe, Julie (5 Apr 2008). "Educatee Stuntmen". Time. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved thirteen June 2008.
  90. ^ a b "Youths on Roofs". Your Local Guardian. 2 Apr 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved nine Baronial 2009.
  91. ^ Branum, Don (ii June 2008). "Parkour growing past leaps and bounds". Archived from the original on v July 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
  92. ^ "Terrible Representation of Parkour and Freerunning". 13 June 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
  93. ^ Comenetz, Jacob (ix June 2005). "Running Through Life the Parkour Mode". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  94. ^ Parkour FAQ for Parents Archived 27 February 2017 at the Wayback Motorcar Pacific Northwest Parkour Association. xx September 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  95. ^ "The Beachcomber : Parkour Legends: Daniel Ilabaca, Tim Shieff, and Oleg Vorslov". Beachcombermb.com. 17 March 2013. Archived from the original on vii August 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  96. ^ Pool, Damien Fifty.; Maulder, Peter Due south. (i March 2013). "Ground Reaction Forces and Loading Rates Associated with Parkour and Traditional Drop Landing Techniques". Journal of Sports Scientific discipline and Medicine. 12 (ane): 122–129. PMC3761764. PMID 24149735. Archived from the original on x January 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  97. ^ Standing, Regan J.; Maulder, Peter S. (24 Nov 2015). "A Comparing of the Habitual Landing Strategies from Differing Drib Heights of Parkour Practitioners (Traceurs) and Recreationally Trained Individuals". Journal of Sports Scientific discipline and Medicine. 14 (4): 723–731. PMC4657414. PMID 26664268. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved xiii December 2020.
  98. ^ Rossheim, ME; Stephenson, CJ (October 2017). "Parkour injuries presenting to United States emergency departments, 2009–2015". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 35 (x): 1503–1505. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.04.040. PMID 28455090. S2CID 39559873.
  99. ^ Bane, Colin (8 January 2008). "Spring First, Enquire Questions Later". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on vii November 2012. Retrieved 19 Apr 2008.
  100. ^ "Unmissable new campaign for BBC ONE". BBC Printing Role. 11 April 2002. Archived from the original on v January 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  101. ^ "BBC picture show's rooftop stunts 'real'". BBC News. nineteen April 2002. Archived from the original on 8 Dec 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  102. ^ Geyh, Paula (July 2006). "Urban Gratuitous Period: A Poetics of Parkour". M/C Journal. nine (3). doi:x.5204/mcj.2635. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 Dec 2015.
  103. ^ Hayes, Liz (16 September 2007). "Become Jump". lx Minutes. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved three January 2008.
  104. ^ Thorpe, Holly (2013). International Review for the Sociology of Sport. Sage Publications Inc. p. 5.
  105. ^ Sorcher, Sara (13 October 2010). "Palestinian Parkour". The New York Times (video). Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved ten May 2017.
  106. ^ "Kashmir freerunning: Finding freedom in the art of parkour". BBC News. 7 Dec 2014. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  107. ^ a b Barrera, Sandra (2 Jan 2007). "Parkour: Leaps of faith". Los Angeles Daily News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  108. ^ a b Bessaoud, Yuba; Delmar-Morgan, Alex (9 July 2006). "Focus: Look Mum, spotter this!". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 29 Baronial 2008. Retrieved three January 2008.
  109. ^ Szalai, Georg (28 Baronial 2009). "Fremantle Pacts to Bring Parkour to TV Screens". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  110. ^ Kornblum, Janet (3 December 2007). "'Look, Ma, no easily' – or feet". United states Today. Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 7 Dec 2007.
  111. ^ Levy, Emanuel (2010). "Prince of Persia: Tackling Stunts and Parkour". Archived from the original on seven May 2012. Retrieved x February 2013.
  112. ^ "Run (2013)". IMDb. Archived from the original on 17 Jan 2016. Retrieved thirteen January 2016.
  113. ^ Gates, Christopher (13 December 2019). "The truth about those parkour scenes in 6 Surreptitious". Looper.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  114. ^ "Ben Hardy talks defying gravity in Michael Bay'south latest activeness-packed thriller, '6 Underground' - Metro US". world wide web.metro.united states of america. 13 Dec 2019. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  115. ^ Lalwani, Vickey (eighteen Nov 2011). "Aamir Khan learns French technique of Parkour". Mumbai Mirror; The Times of Bharat. Archived from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 24 Nov 2011.
  116. ^ George, Vijay (25 January 2018). "'Aadhi' packs a punch with parkour". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved thirty January 2018.
  117. ^ "Ultimate Parkour Challenge". MTV. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013.
  118. ^ "John Morrison". WWE. Archived from the original on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 1 Dec 2011.
  119. ^ Adkins, Greg (31 January 2011). "It'southward good to be "King"". WWE. Archived from the original on 5 Nov 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  120. ^ Wickline, Dan (18 June 2014). "Stephen Amell Back In Training For Pointer Flavor three" Archived 9 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Bleeding Cool Comic Book, Motion picture, TV News.
  121. ^ "Kick Donkey Caity Lotz From MTV'due south Death Valley Talks Almost Zombies, Parcour and Twilight's Jackson Rathbone". Daemon'southward Goggle box. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  122. ^ "Assassin's Creed (Xbox 360)". 28 Nov 2007. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007. It's a good commencement, an splendid free-roaming adventure with some of the best use of parkour notwithstanding.
  123. ^ Pearson, Ryan (16 November 2007). "Review: 'Assassinator'southward Creed' Not Quite Perfect". Flim-flam News Channel. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009. Leave it to the French to bring united states of america the first parkour video game
  124. ^ P., Andrew (January 2008). "Review of Assassin's Creed". Electronic Gaming Monthly (224): 89. ... the game features 'a challenging parkour path of escape ...'
  125. ^ Baker, Chris (11 November 2008). "Review: Mirror'southward Edge, the First-Person Parkour Game You lot Must Play". Wired. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  126. ^ Elfman, Doug (28 November 2008). "Mirror's Edge puts grace of parkour at fingertips". Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  127. ^ Nutt, Christian (15 August 2011). "GDC Europe: Perfecting The SMART Parkour Traversal System In Brink". Gamasura. Archived from the original on 8 Dec 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  128. ^ Mcaloon, Alissa (13 June 2014). "E3 – Dying Low-cal Hands-On Preview". twinfinite.com. Archived from the original on 20 Baronial 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  129. ^ Dingman, Hayden (1 March 2015). "Dying Light preview: Zombies are fifty-fifty more stomach-churning in virtual reality". PCWorld. Archived from the original on ii Apr 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  130. ^ Shea, Cam (10 January 2007). "10 Reasons to Play Crackdown". Archived from the original on 4 January 2008. Retrieved 3 Jan 2008. It'due south role super hero (think Blob or Neo), role Jumping Wink and part parkour.
  131. ^ Williamson, Steven (8 February 2006). "Tony Hawk'southward American Wasteland – Xbox 360". Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 10 Feb 2013. Later on in story style, yous'll even get the gamble to learn some parkour skills!
  132. ^ Hedges, Darren (xviii May 2010). "Tron Development Pre-E3 Hands-On Interview: Alex Peters" (Interview). Interviewed by Ricardo Torres. GameSpot. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013.
  133. ^ Berth, Robert (12 January 2008). "Freerunning goes to state of war as marines take tips from EZ, Livewire and Sticky". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  134. ^ "Projects". Colorado Parkour. Archived from the original on 28 August 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  135. ^ "Parkour: Getting over the wall". US Marine Corps. 23 January 2009. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved ix August 2009.
  136. ^ Grosprêtre, Sidney; Lepers, Romuold (12 August 2015). "Operation characteristics of Parkour practitioners: Who are the traceurs?". European Journal of Sport Science. xvi (5): 526–535. doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1060263. PMID 26267256. S2CID 37269563. Archived from the original on 10 Jan 2022. Retrieved thirteen December 2020.
  137. ^ Nir, Omer; Gaathon, Adar; Degani, Amir (2017). "Swing leg retraction using virtual apex method for the ParkourBot climbing robot". 2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE. pp. 3352–3358. doi:10.1109/IROS.2017.8206173. ISBN978-ane-5386-2682-5. S2CID 12291745. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  138. ^ Yanran, Ding; Chuanzheng, Li; Park, Hae-Won (2020). "Kinodynamic Motion Planning for Multi-Legged Robot Jumping via Mixed-Integer Convex Program". 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). pp. 3998–4005. arXiv:2011.01809. doi:ten.1109/IROS45743.2020.9341572. ISBN978-i-7281-6212-6. S2CID 226237107. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved xiii December 2020.
  139. ^ Simon, Matt (xi October 2018). "Lookout Boston Dynamics' Humanoid Robot Practice Parkour". Wired mag. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved ix November 2018.
  140. ^ Simon, Matt (30 Oct 2018). "How Boston Dynamics' Robot Videos Became Internet Gold". Wired magazine. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  141. ^ Edwardes, Dan (2009) The Parkour & Freerunning Handbook. It Books. ISBN 0-06-178367-6. p. xi
  142. ^ a b Foucan, Sébastien (2008). Free Running. pp. eight–9. ISBN978-1-56975-652-2.
  143. ^ a b Angel, p. 39.
  144. ^ Kidder, J. L. (2012). "Parkour, the Affective Appropriation of Urban Space, and the Real/Virtual Dialectic". City & Community. 11 (iii): 229–253. CiteSeerXx.1.1.645.395. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2012.01406.x. S2CID 16058286.

Sources [edit]

  • Angel, Julie (2011). Ciné Parkour. ISBN978-0-9569717-one-5.
  • Belle, David & Perriére, Charles. Parkour – From the origins to the practise.
  • Belle, David (2009). Parkour. Intervista. ISBN978-2-35756-025-3.

montoyathappightle1958.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkour

Related Posts

0 Response to "What the Training Called Where You Do Something Over and Over Again"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel